1. Txheej txheem cej luam
Txhua yam kev tsim nyog tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov organic compost yuav tsum mus dhau ntawm cov txheej txheem ua kom fermentation.Composting yog ib txoj kev uas cov organic teeb meem degraded thiab stabilized los ntawm microorganisms nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob los tsim ib yam khoom tsim nyog rau kev siv av.
Composting, ib txoj kev qub thiab yooj yim ntawm kev kho cov organic pov tseg thiab ua cov chiv, tau nyiam ntau lub teb chaws vim nws qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ecological, nws kuj coj cov txiaj ntsig rau kev ua liaj ua teb.Nws tau raug tshaj tawm tias cov kab mob hauv av tuaj yeem tswj tau los ntawm kev siv decomposed compost ua ib lub noob.Tom qab lub siab kub ntawm cov txheej txheem composting, tus naj npawb ntawm cov kab mob antagonistic tuaj yeem ncav cuag qib siab, nws tsis yooj yim rau decompose, ruaj khov, thiab yooj yim rau absorbed los ntawm cov qoob loo.Lub caij no, qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov kab mob tuaj yeem txo cov toxicity ntawm cov hlau hnyav hauv qee qhov ntau.Nws tuaj yeem pom tias composting yog ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim thiab ua tau zoo los tsim cov chiv bio-organic, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev loj hlob ntawm ecological kev ua liaj ua teb.
Vim li cas compost ua haujlwm zoo li no?Hauv qab no yog cov lus piav qhia ntxaws ntxiv ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm composting:
2. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov organic compost fermentation
2.1 Hloov cov organic teeb meem thaum lub sij hawm composting
Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov organic teeb meem hauv compost nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov kab mob tuaj yeem muab sau ua ob txoj haujlwm: ib qho yog cov mineralization ntawm cov organic teeb meem, uas yog, decomposition ntawm complex organic teeb meem rau hauv yooj yim tshuaj, lwm yam yog lub humification txheej txheem ntawm cov organic teeb meem, uas yog, decomposition thiab synthesis ntawm cov organic teeb meem los tsim ntau complex tshwj xeeb organic teeb meem-humus.Ob txheej txheem yog nqa tawm nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tab sis nyob rau hauv lub opposite direction.Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv, qhov kev siv ntawm txhua tus txheej txheem sib txawv.
2.1.1 Mineralization ntawm cov organic teeb meem
- Decomposition ntawm nitrogen-dawb organic teeb meem
Polysaccharides (cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, cellulose, hemicellulose) yog thawj zaug hydrolyzed rau hauv monosaccharides los ntawm hydrolytic enzymes secreted los ntawm cov kab mob.Cov khoom nruab nrab xws li cawv, acetic acid, thiab oxalic acid tsis yooj yim rau sau, thiab thaum kawg tsim CO₂ thiab H₂O, thiab tso tawm ntau lub zog cua sov.Yog tias qhov cua tsis zoo, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm microbe, cov monosaccharide yuav decompose maj mam, ua kom sov tsawg, thiab sib sau ua ke qee cov khoom nruab nrab-organic acids.Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm cov roj-repelling microorganisms, txo cov khoom xws li CH₄ thiab H₂ tuaj yeem tsim tau.
- Decomposition los ntawm nitrogen-muaj cov organic teeb meem
Nitrogen-muaj cov organic teeb meem hauv compost suav nrog cov protein, amino acids, alkaloids, hummus, thiab lwm yam.Tsuas yog humus, feem ntau yog yooj yim decomposed.Piv txwv li, cov protein, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib tug protease secreted los ntawm cov kab mob, degrades step-by-step, tsim ntau yam amino acids, thiab ces tsim ammonium ntsev thiab nitrate feem los ntawm ammoniation thiab nitration, uas yuav absorbed thiab siv los ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
- Kev hloov pauv ntawm phosphorus-muaj cov organic tebchaw hauv compost
Raws li kev ua ntawm ntau yam kab mob saprophytic, tsim phosphoric acid, uas dhau los ua cov khoom noj uas cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem nqus tau thiab siv tau.
- Kev hloov pauv ntawm sulfur-muaj cov organic teeb meem
Sulfur-muaj organic teeb meem nyob rau hauv compost, los ntawm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm microorganisms los tsim hydrogen sulfide.Hydrogen sulfide yog ib qho yooj yim mus sau nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntawm dislikeing gas, thiab nws yuav ua tau lom rau cov nroj tsuag thiab kab mob.Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov zoo-ventilated tej yam kev mob, hydrogen sulfide yog oxidized rau sulfuric acid nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm leej faj kab mob thiab reacts nrog lub hauv paus ntawm compost los ua sulfate, uas tsis tsuas yog tshem tawm cov toxicity ntawm hydrogen sulfide, thiab ua sulfur as-ham uas cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem nqus tau.Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov cua tsis zoo, cov sulfation tshwm sim, uas ua rau H₂S ploj thiab lom cov nroj tsuag.Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm compost fermentation, lub aeration ntawm compost tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev xa cov compost tsis tu ncua, yog li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sulfuration yuav raug tshem tawm.
- Kev hloov pauv ntawm lipids thiab aromatic organic tebchaw
Xws li tannin thiab resin, yog qhov nyuaj thiab qeeb rau decompose, thiab cov khoom kawg kuj yog CO₂ thiab dej Lignin yog ib qho chaw ruaj khov organic uas muaj cov khoom siv cog (xws li tawv ntoo, sawdust, thiab lwm yam) hauv composting.Nws yog qhov nyuaj heev rau decompose vim nws cov qauv complex thiab aromatic nucleus.Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov cua zoo, cov ntxhiab tsw qab tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv quinoid tebchaw los ntawm kev ua ntawm fungi thiab Actinomycetes, uas yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv raw rau resynthesis ntawm humus.Tau kawg, cov tshuaj no tseem yuav raug rhuav tshem hauv qee yam xwm txheej.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus, cov mineralization ntawm composted organic teeb meem yuav muab ceev-acting as-ham rau cov qoob loo thiab cov kab mob, muab lub zog rau microbial kev ua ub no, thiab npaj cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim rau humification ntawm composted organic teeb meem.Thaum composting yog dominates los ntawm aerobic microorganisms, cov organic teeb meem sai sai mineralizes los tsim ntau carbon dioxide, dej, thiab lwm yam as-ham, decomposes sai thiab meej, thiab tso tawm ntau ntawm tshav kub zog, decomposition ntawm organic teeb meem yog qeeb thiab feem ntau tsis tiav, tso tsawg dua. Thaum tshav kub kub lub zog, thiab cov khoom decomposition yog ntxiv rau cov nroj tsuag cov as-ham, nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus sau cov organic acids thiab txo cov tshuaj xws li CH₄, H₂S, PH₃, H₂, thiab lwm yam.Lub tipping ntawm compost thaum lub sij hawm fermentation yog li ntawd kuj npaj los hloov hom microbial kev ua si kom tshem tawm cov teeb meem tshuaj.
2.1.2 Humification ntawm cov organic teeb meem
Muaj ntau txoj kev xav txog kev tsim cov humus, uas tuaj yeem faib ua ob theem: thawj theem, thaum cov organic residues tawg los ua cov ntaub ntawv raw uas tsim cov humus molecules, nyob rau theem ob, polyphenol yog oxidized rau quinone. los ntawm Polyphenol oxidase secreted los ntawm cov kab mob, thiab ces quinone yog condensed nrog amino acid los yog peptide los ua humus monomer.Vim hais tias phenol, quinine, amino acid ntau yam, kev sib nrig sib condensation tsis zoo ib yam, yog li kev tsim ntawm humus monomer kuj muaj ntau haiv neeg.Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv, cov monomers ntxiv condense los tsim cov molecules ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv.
2.2 Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau hnyav thaum lub sij hawm composting
Lub nroog sludge yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws raw khoom rau composting thiab fermentation vim nws muaj nplua nuj as-ham thiab organic teeb meem rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov qoob loo.Tab sis cov sludge hauv nroog feem ntau muaj cov hlau hnyav, cov hlau hnyav no feem ntau xa mus rau mercury, chromium, cadmium, lead, arsenic, thiab lwm yam.Cov kab mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov kab mob thiab cov fungi, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv biotransformation ntawm cov hlau hnyav.Txawm hais tias qee cov kab mob tuaj yeem hloov qhov muaj cov hlau hnyav hauv ib puag ncig, ua rau cov tshuaj lom neeg ntau dua thiab ua rau muaj teeb meem loj rau ib puag ncig, lossis mloog zoo rau cov hlau hnyav, thiab sib sau los ntawm cov khoom noj.Tab sis qee qhov microbes tuaj yeem pab txhim kho ib puag ncig los ntawm kev tshem cov hlau hnyav ntawm ib puag ncig los ntawm kev ua ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj.Microbial transformation ntawm HG suav nrog peb yam, piv txwv li methylation ntawm inorganic mercury (Hg₂+), txo cov inorganic mercury (Hg₂+) rau HG0, decomposition, thiab txo cov methylmercury thiab lwm cov organic mercury tebchaw rau HG0.Cov kab mob no muaj peev xwm hloov cov inorganic thiab organic mercury mus rau hauv cov mercury elemental hu ua mercury-resistant microorganisms.Txawm hais tias cov kab mob tsis tuaj yeem degrade cov hlau hnyav, lawv tuaj yeem txo cov toxicity ntawm cov hlau hnyav los ntawm kev tswj lawv txoj kev hloov pauv.
2.3 Composting thiab fermentation txheej txheem
Composting yog ib daim ntawv ntawm pov tseg stabilization, tab sis nws yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb humidity, aeration tej yam kev mob, thiab microorganisms kom tsim tau qhov kub thiab txias.Qhov kub xav tau siab tshaj 45 ° C (kwv yees li 113 ° F), ua kom nws siab txaus kom tsis txhob muaj kab mob thiab tua cov noob nroj.Tus nqi decomposition ntawm residual organic teeb meem tom qab tsim nyog composting yog tsawg, kuj ruaj khov, thiab yooj yim rau absorbed los ntawm cov nroj tsuag.Cov ntxhiab tuaj yeem txo qis heev tom qab composting.
Cov txheej txheem composting muaj ntau yam sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob.Vim qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv raw thiab cov xwm txheej, qhov ntau ntawm ntau yam kab mob kuj hloov pauv tas li, yog li tsis muaj cov kab mob ib txwm ua rau cov txheej txheem composting.Txhua qhov chaw muaj nws cov zej zog tshwj xeeb microbial, thiab kev sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob microbial enables composting kom tsis txhob muaj lub cev qhuav dej txawm tias thaum lwm yam hloov pauv.
Cov txheej txheem composting feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov kab mob, uas yog lub cev tseem ceeb ntawm composting fermentation.Cov microbes koom nrog hauv composting los ntawm ob qhov chaw: ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm microbes twb muaj nyob rau hauv cov organic pov tseg, thiab ib tug dag microbial inoculum.Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, cov hom no muaj peev xwm mus decompose qee cov organic pov tseg thiab muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua kom muaj zog, propagation sai, thiab sai decomposition ntawm organic teeb meem, uas yuav ua rau kom cov txheej txheem composting, shorten lub composting cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lub sij hawm.
Composting feem ntau muab faib ua aerobic composting thiab anaerobic composting ob yam.Aerobic composting yog cov txheej txheem decomposition ntawm cov ntaub ntawv organic nyob rau hauv aerobic tej yam kev mob, thiab nws cov khoom metabolic feem ntau yog carbon dioxide, dej, thiab cua sov;anaerobic composting yog cov txheej txheem decomposition ntawm cov organic cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv anaerobic tej yam kev mob, qhov kawg metabolites ntawm anaerobic decomposition yog methane, carbon dioxide thiab ntau yam tsawg molecular hnyav intermediates, xws li organic acids.
Lub ntsiab microbial hom koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem composting yog cov kab mob, fungi, thiab actinomycetes.Peb hom kab mob no txhua tus muaj cov kab mob mesophilic thiab cov kab mob hyperthermophilic.
Thaum lub sij hawm composting txheej txheem, cov microbial pejxeem hloov pauv raws li hauv qab no: qis thiab nruab nrab kub microbial zej zog hloov mus rau nruab nrab thiab high-temperature microbial zej zog, thiab nruab nrab thiab high-temperature microbial zej zog hloov mus rau nruab nrab thiab qis-kub microbial zej zog.Nrog rau ncua sij hawm composting, cov kab mob maj mam txo, actinomycetes maj mam nce, thiab pwm thiab poov xab thaum kawg ntawm composting ho txo.
Cov txheej txheem fermentation ntawm cov organic compost tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub theem:
2.3.1 Thaum lub caij cua sov
Thaum lub sij hawm thawj theem ntawm composting, cov kab mob nyob rau hauv compost yog feem ntau ntawm nruab nrab kub thiab zoo huab cua, feem ntau ntawm cov uas tsis yog-spore kab mob, spore kab mob, thiab pwm.Lawv pib cov txheej txheem fermentation ntawm compost, thiab decompose organic teeb meem (xws li cov suab thaj yooj yim, starch, protein, thiab lwm yam) mob siab rau nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo huab cua, tsim ib tug ntau ntawm tshav kub thiab tsis tu ncua nce qhov kub ntawm compost, nce los ntawm cov huab cua zoo. txog 20 ° C (kwv yees 68 ° F) txog 40 ° C (kwv yees 104 ° Fahrenheit) yog hu ua febrile theem, lossis theem nruab nrab kub.
2.3.2 Thaum kub kub
Cov kab mob sov sov maj mam dhau los ntawm cov tsiaj sov thiab qhov kub thiab txias tseem nce ntxiv, feem ntau siab dua 50 ° C (kwv yees li 122 ° F) hauv ob peb hnub, mus rau theem siab kub.Nyob rau hauv lub high-kub theem, cov cua kub zoo actinomycetes thiab cov cua kub zoo fungus yog hom loj.Lawv rhuav tshem cov organic teeb meem hauv compost, xws li cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, thiab lwm yam.Cov cua sov ua kom sov thiab cov xuab zeb kub nce mus txog 60 ° C (kwv yees li 140 degrees Fahrenheit), qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom ceev cov txheej txheem composting.Composting tsis tsim nyog, tsuas yog ib tug luv luv high-temperature lub sij hawm, los yog tsis kub siab, thiab yog li ntawd qeeb heev maturity, nyob rau hauv ib nrab xyoo los yog ntau tshaj lub sij hawm tsis yog ib nrab ntawm lub xeev mature.
2.3.3 Thaum lub caij txias
Tom qab ib lub sij hawm thaum lub sij hawm kub kub, feem ntau ntawm cov cellulose, hemicellulose, thiab pectin tshuaj tau decomposed, tawm hauv qab nyuaj-rau-decompose complex Cheebtsam (xws li lignin) thiab tshiab tsim humus, cov kev ua ntawm cov microorganisms txo. thiab qhov kub thiab txias maj mam txo.Thaum qhov kub thiab txias poob qis dua 40 ° C (kwv yees li 104 ° F), cov kab mob mesophilic ua cov hom tseem ceeb.
Yog tias qhov txias txias tuaj ntxov, cov txheej txheem composting tsis zoo tagnrho thiab decomposition ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cog tsis txaus.Lub sijhawm no tuaj yeem tig cov pawg, cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke, kom nws ua kom sov thib ob, cua sov, los txhawb kev sib xyaw.
2.3.4 Kev loj hlob thiab chiv preservation theem
Tom qab composting, lub ntim txo thiab qhov kub ntawm compost poob mus rau ib tug me ntsis siab tshaj qhov kub ntawm cov huab cua, ces cov compost yuav tsum tau nias nruj nreem, ua rau lub xeev anaerobic thiab tsis muaj zog cov mineralization ntawm cov organic teeb meem, kom chiv.
Nyob rau hauv luv luv, cov txheej txheem fermentation ntawm cov organic compost yog cov txheej txheem ntawm microbial metabolism thiab kev loj hlob.Cov txheej txheem ntawm microbial metabolism yog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov organic decomposition.Decomposition ntawm cov organic teeb meem tsim lub zog, uas tsav cov txheej txheem composting, nce qhov kub thiab txias, thiab dries lub ntub substrate.
Yog tias koj muaj lus nug lossis xav tau, thov hu rau peb los ntawm txoj hauv qab no:
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Lub sij hawm xa tuaj: Plaub Hlis-11-2022